Free planning tool

LoRaWAN Gateway & Coverage Calculator

How many gateways your site needs, how far the radio reaches, and whether the traffic fits the duty cycle.

1 · Your site

The two things that decide everything else: how much ground to cover, and how much traffic.

2 · Radio & environment

Low-rise, open spaces between

You need

3gateways

Driven by coverage — the area is bigger than 3 cells can reach.

1.31km

Reliable range at SF10

3

Needed for coverage

2

Needed for capacity

Cells are sized for reliable coverage, with 10 dB of fade margin. A clear-day range test on the same link would reach about 2.52 km — plan on the smaller number. Nothing here exceeds 3.49 km, the furthest we have measured this link at 30 m.

Checks

Duty cycle 0.046% of the 1% allowed in IN865.
EIRP 25 dBm, inside the 30 dBm IN865 limit.
Budget-limited at 151 dB. A stronger link or a taller mast would both reach further.

How it tiles

10 km² covered by 3 cells

each cell ≈ 4 km² at 1.31 km range

Range by end device

Same site, same gateway, at SF10 — only the transmit power differs.

Range moves logarithmically with transmit power, not proportionally — which is why the gaps here are rarely what people expect. At this gateway height it takes about 11 dB to double the range, so the 3 dB between our lowest- and highest-power devices is worth roughly 1.2× the distance. Raising the gateway or dropping to a higher SF moves the needle far more cheaply than buying transmit power.

Calibrated to real deployments, not textbooks. Okumura–Hata on its own predicts about 95 km in open terrain at SF12. Our field tests reach 8 km — so the model carries a measured clutter correction and every range above is one we have actually achieved.

How these numbers are calculated

Path loss — Okumura-Hata for 865–868 MHz, then corrected against Macnman field data. Uncalibrated, Hata assumes flat, clutter-free terrain with full Fresnel clearance and over-predicts LoRaWAN badly: at 866 MHz over 8 km the first Fresnel zone needs about 26 m of mid-path clearance, and a 30 m gateway talking to a 2 m sensor only gives about 15 m. Our open-terrain test reached 8 km, i.e. 37.8 dB more loss than the model predicts, and that correction is applied per environment.

Reliable vs best case — cell sizes use a fade margin, so they are the range you can design around. The best-case figure drops the margin and matches what a clear-day range test produces.

RSSI and SNR — median signal at the cell edge. SNR is RSSI above the thermal noise floor (−174 dBm/Hz + 10·log₁₀(BW) + 6 dB noise figure = −117 dBm at 125 kHz), checked against the published demodulator limits, which reproduce the sensitivity table to within 0.1 dB at every SF.

Device-to-device — Hata assumes a raised base station, so MacTalk uses a log-distance model. With both radios near the ground the earth blocks the Fresnel zone along the whole path, so the exponents sit in the two-ray regime near 4 even over open ground.

Radio horizon — every distance is capped at 4.12·(√h₁+√h₂) km. No link budget beats the curvature of the earth.

Airtime — Semtech AN1200.13, including the 13-byte LoRaWAN header and mandatory low-data-rate optimisation at SF11/SF12.

Capacity — a 10% channel-utilisation ceiling across 8 uplink channels, since LoRaWAN is pure ALOHA.

Planning estimates only — confirm with a site survey before committing to a design.

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