Free planning tool

Antenna Height Planner

How high the gateway and the device need to be, and which of the two is really costing you range.

1 · The link

Height is the one lever that moves range. Transmit power barely touches it.

Gateway 30 m · device 2 m

1.82km

Limited by the link budget (156 dB). Height still helps — it lowers the loss.

To reach your target

For 3.00 km the gateway needs to be at least 85 m55 m higher than now.

Radio horizon at these heights is 28.4 km, and our measured field ceiling is 3.49 km. Whichever is smallest wins.

Raise the device

Gateway stays at its current height.

about 588 m of extra reach per metre

Metre for metre, raising the device wins here — about 20.6× more range per metre than raising the mast. A sensor near the ground is what pinches the Fresnel zone, and the tightest point on the path sits next to it, not in the middle. Getting a sensor off the floor and onto a pole is usually cheaper than a taller tower, too. Path loss stops improving above 10 m because that is where the underlying model was fitted; a device higher than that will do at least this well, and the Fresnel figures above keep improving.

48%

Fresnel zone clear at 3.00 km

1.91km

Clear path holds to

28.4km

Radio horizon

The path in profile

Over 3.00 km. The shaded ellipse is the space the radio needs kept clear.

tightest point · 48% clear30 m2 mgatewaydevice · 3.00 km

The ground eats into the Fresnel zone 2.8 km along, leaving 48% of the 8 m it needs. Past about 1.91 km this link is diffracting over the earth rather than propagating freely — which is exactly the loss our field calibration accounts for.

Raise the gateway

Device stays at its current height.

about 29 m of extra reach per metre of mast

How these numbers are calculated

Fresnel zone — a radio path needs an ellipsoid of clear space around the sight line, not just an unobstructed straight line. Its radius at any point is 17.32·√(d₁·d₂/(f·d)) metres. Keep 60% of it clear and the link behaves close to free space; lose more and diffraction loss climbs quickly.

Earth bulge — the ground rises d₁·d₂/(12.75·k) metres above the chord, with k = 4/3 for standard atmospheric refraction. Over a few kilometres that is small; what matters far more is that a low antenna starts with almost no clearance to give away.

The tightest point is scanned, not assumed — with unequal antenna heights the worst clearance is near the lower end, not mid-path. Checking mid-path alone flatters the answer badly: for a 30 m gateway to a 2 m sensor over 8 km it reports 57% clearance where the true minimum along the path is 28%.

Range — the same field-calibrated model as the coverage calculator, capped by the radio horizon 4.12·(√h₁+√h₂) and by the furthest we have measured this class of link.

Device height is capped at 10 m — Okumura-Hata's mobile-antenna correction is linear in height and only fitted over 1–10 m. Extrapolated to a sensor on a 20 m pole it hands out roughly 45 dB of free gain, which reads as a twentyfold range increase and is pure artefact. Above 10 m the range figure holds flat; treat it as a floor, not a ceiling.

Smooth-earth geometry. Real terrain, buildings and trees will be worse — confirm with a site survey before committing to a mast.

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